Causality and the Bradford Hill criteria
In epidemiology we often look for a causal relation - that is if something is the cuase of the effect. Is it for example the fish itself that is good for the heart? (it could be that people who eat fish also do more exercise - and then the fish may not be the cause - but simply just associatied with the increased health)
To assess causality one can use the Bradfor Hill criteria - here is my interpretation of the 9 criteria - with one additional criterium proposed by other clever people (clever like Bradford Hill :-)
Cohort studies, case control studies and cross sectional studies are highly useful epidemiological studies in hazard assessment of chemicals used in the working environment